istoryworld
HistoryWorld — how to cite
All the content in HistoryWorld (apart from the Wellcome History of Medicine, by Dr Carole Reeves) has been written by Bamber Gascoigne. If you want to cite HistoryWorld as a source, here are suggested methods in keeping with MLA principles:
To cite HistoryWorld as a general source
Gascoigne, Bamber. HistoryWorld. From 2001, ongoing. http://www.historyworld.net
To cite a page within HistoryWorld
Gascoigne, Bamber. “History of [TITLE]” HistoryWorld. From 2001, ongoing. [URL of the page within the History]
Example – for a page within the history of Spain
Gascoigne, Bamber. “History of Spain” HistoryWorld. From 2001, ongoing. http://.historyworld.net/history/Spain/230?section=PrehistoryToRoman
Commercial use
If you want to use more than 250 words of our content in a product that will be for sale, please email us at [email protected]
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HistoryWorld — sources
My purpose in HistoryWorld has been to give an overview of world history in a way that tells the central story clearly, through linked narratives, and makes it easy, through timelines, to compare at any period the events happening in different regions of the world. The facts in the story are all mainstream ones, easily checked in any standard work of reference. In common with other such works of general history, I do not give sources for each paragraph or section (there is no point in backing up with a reference the information that the battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815). Where I have quoted verbatim from a document or another author, the source is given in the text. Again in common with other works of this kind, I give here a bibliography of the sources that I have used. The backbone of HistoryWorld - the political histories of individual nations - derives largely from information in the Encyclopedia Britannica. The other volumes listed here are mainly on subsidiary themes. The relative lack of works relating to recent times is because many of the histories are as yet incomplete - though all reach at least 1800.
Bamber Gascoigne
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HistoryWorld — bibliography
GENERAL
Barraclough, Geoffrey (ed.); The Times Atlas of World History, 1978 Bullock, Alan and Stallybrass, Oliver: The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, 1978 Clark, Kenneth; Civilisation, 1971 Encyclopedia Britannica (editions 1972, 1976 and online) Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (ed.); The Times Atlas of World Exploration, 1991 Goudsblom, Johan; Fire and Civilization, 1994 Grenville, J.A.S.; A History of the World in the Twentieth Century, 2 vols, 1997 Hutchinson Chronology of World History, 4 vols, 1999 Ponting, Clive; A green history of the world, 1991 Roberts, J.M.; Penguin History of the World, 1990 Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 1969
PERIODS
Prehistory and archaeology
Clark, Grahame; Economic prehistory: papers on archaeology, 1989Gamble, Clive; The Palaeolithic settlement of Europe, 1986Magnusson, Magnus; BC: The archaeology of the bible lands, 1977Mellaart, James; Catal Huyuk: a Neolithic town in Anatolia, 1967Mellaart, James; The Neolithic of the Near East, 1975Moseley, Michael E.; The Incas and their ancestors: the archaeology of Peru, 1992Robbins, Laurence; The Archaeologist's Eye, 1990Scarre, Chris (ed.); Past worlds: the Times atlas of archaeology, 1988Spindler, Konrad; The Man in the Ice, 1994Stringer, C. and Gamble, C; In search of the Neanderthals, 1993Walker, Alan & Shipman, Pat; The wisdom of bones: in search of human origins, 1997Ancient World
Andrews, Carol; Egyptian mummies, 1998Bandinelli, R.B.; Rome, the late empire: Roman art AD 200-400, 1971Bowman, Alan K.; Life and letters on the Roman frontier, c.1994Bushnell, G.H.S; Ancient Arts of the Americas, 1965Caesar, Julius (trans. S.A. Handford); The Conquest of Gaul, 1951Chadwick, Henry; The Early Church, 1967Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Archaic Greek art, 620-480 BC, 1971Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Classical Greek art, 480-330 BC, 1971Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Hellenistic art, 330-50 BC, 1971Cotterell, Arthur (ed.); The Penguin encyclopedia of ancient civilizatons, 1980Cotterell, Arthur (ed.); The Penguin encyclopedia of classical civilizations, 1993Fontenrose, Joseph; The Delphic oracle : its responses and operations, 1978Grant, Michael; The ancient historians, 1970Groenewegen-Frankfort; Art of the Ancient World, 1971Hammond, N.G.L. and Scullard, H.H. (eds); The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1970Harden, D.B.; Glass of the Caesars, 1987Herodotus (trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt); The Histories, 1972Josephus (trans. G.A. Williamson); The Jewish War, 1970Lane-Fox, Robin; Alexander the Great, 1973Maisels, Charles Keith; The emergence of civilization, 1990Oppenheim, A.L. (trans.); Letters from Mesopotamia… on clay tablets, 1967Pettinato, Giovanni; Ebla: a new look at history, 1991Plutarch (trans. Rex Warner); Fall of the Roman republic, 1972Reade, Julian; Assyrian Sculpture, 1998Saggs, H.W.F; Civilization before Greece & Rome, 1989Scullard, H.H.; The elephant in the Greek and Roman world, 1974Stead, Miriam; Egyptian life, c.1986Tacitus, translated by Michael Grant; The Annals of Imperial Rome, 1975Thucydides (trans. Rex Warner); History of the Peloponnesian War, 1954Watson, Michael; Early Civilization in China, 1966Xenophon (trans. Rex Warner); The Persian Expedition, 1972Middle Ages
Almedingen, E.M; Charlemagne, 1968Anton, Ferdinand; Art of the Maya, 1970Brent, Peter; The Viking Saga, 1975Campbell, Tony; Early Maps, c.1981Coe, Michael; The Maya, 1980Davies, Nigel; The Aztecs, 1973Gascoigne, Christina; Castles of Britain, 1975Grabar, Andre; Byzantium: Byzantine art in the Middle Ages, 1966Grodecki, Louis; Gothic Architecture, 1978Haussig, H.W.; a History of Byzantine Civilization, 1971Hubert, J. (et al.); Carolingian art, 1970Kubach, Hans Erich; Romanesque Architecture, 1988Morris, Craig and von Hagen, Adriana; The Inka Empire and its Andean origins, 1993Norwich, John Julius; Byzantium: the early centuries, 1988Norwich, John Julius; Byzantium: the apogee, 1991Palol, Pedro de; Early Medieval Art in Spain, 1967Runciman, Steven; A History of the Crusades, 3 vols, 1951-4Ziegler, Philip; The Black Death, 1969Renaissance
Bennett, Bonnie A. and Wilkins, David G.; Donatello, 1984Hale, J.R.; Florence and the Medici, 1977Hale, J.R.; The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance, 1993Hartt, Frederick; History of Italian Renaissance art, 1970Hemming, John; The conquest of the Incas, 1970Morris, Craig and von Hagen, Adriana; The Inka Empire and its Andean origins, 1993Murray, Peter; Architecture of the Italian Renaissance, 1969Prescott, William Hickling.; The Conquest of Mexico, 2 vols, 1957Scarisbrick, J.J.; Henry VIII, 1968Trease, Robert Geoffrey; The Condottieri , 197016th-19th century
Brown, Christopher; Scenes of Everyday Life: Dutch genre painting of the seventeenthcentury, 1984Edwards, Stewart; The Paris Commune, 1871, 1972Gascoigne, Bamber; The Great Moghuls, 1971Hay, Douglas (et al.); Albion's fatal tree: crime and society in eighteenth-century England,1976Hibbert, Christopher: The French Revolution, 1980Landon, H.C. Robbins; Mozart: the golden years 1781-1791, 1989Longford, Elizabeth; Victoria R.I., 1964McLynn, Frank:; Napoleon: a biography, 1997Nicolaievsky, Boris; Karl Marx: Man and Fighter, 1976Norberg-Schulz, Christian; Baroque Architecture, 1979Pakenham , Thomas; The scramble for Africa 1876-1912, 1991Pepys, Samuel (ed. Henry B. Wheatley); The Diary, 10 vols, 1904Thomas, Hugh: The slave trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade, 1997Since 1900
Brogan, Patrick; World conflicts: why and where they are happening, 1989Calvocoressi, Peter; World Politics since 1945, 1982Churchill, Winston; The Second World War, 6 vols, 1948-54Figes, Orlando; A People's Tragedy: the Russian Revolution 1891-1924, 1996Gilbert, Martin; History of the twentieth century, 2001Isaacs, Jeremy and Downing, Taylor; Cold War, 1998Kee, Robert; The green flag, 3 vols, 1989Mercer, Derrik (ed.); Chronicle of the 20th century, 1988Vadney, T.E; The world since 1945, 1992REGIONS
Africa
Iliffe, John; Africans: the history of a continent, 1995 Pakenham , Thomas; The scramble for Africa 1876-1912, 1991 Ransford, Oliver; The Great Trek, 1972 Reader, John; Africa, a biography of the continent, 1998 Willett, Frank; African Art, 1971Egypt
Andrews, Carol; Egyptian mummies, 1998Blue Guide; Egypt, 1983Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane; Tutankhamen: life and death of a pharaoh, 1965James, T.G.H.; Egyptian painting and drawing in the British Museum, 1985Lange, Curt and Hirmer, Max; Egypt, 1957Stead, Miriam; Egyptian life, c.1986Americas
Central America
Anton, Ferdinand; Art of the Maya, 1970 Coe, Michael; The Maya, 1980 Davies, Nigel; The Aztecs, 1973 Prescott, William Hickling.; The Conquest of Mexico, 2 vols, 1957 Smith, Bradley; Mexico: a history in art, 1975 Townsend, Richard F.; The Aztecs, 1992North America
Brogan, Hugh; Longman History of the United States of America, 1985 Josephy, Alvin M.; 500 Nations, an illustrated history of North American Indians, 1995 Kirshon, John W. (ed.) Chronicle of America, 1989South America
Hemming, John; The conquest of the Incas, 1970Morris, Craig and von Hagen, Adriana; The Inka Empire and its Andean origins, 1993Moseley, Michael E.; The Incas and their ancestors: the archaeology of Peru, 1992Asia
China
Gascoigne, Bamber; The Treasures and Dynasties of China, 1963 Genius of China (catalogue of Royal Academy exhibition), 1973 Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 1, 1954 Rawson, Jessica (ed.); The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 1992 Sickman, Laurence C.S.; The Art and Architecture of China, 1960 Sullivan, Michael; A short history of Chinese Art, 1967 Watson, Michael; Early Civilization in China, 1966India
Barrett, Douglas; Indian Painting, 1978 Craven, Roy C.; Indian art: a concise history, 1976 Gascoigne, Bamber; The Great Moghuls, 1971Iran
Ghirshman, Roman; Iran from the earliest times to the Islamic conquest, 1954 Gray, Basil; Persian Painting, 1977 Xenophon (trans. Rex Warner); The Persian Expedition, 1972Middle East
Avi-Yonah, Michael (ed.); A History of the Holy Land, 1969Oppenheim, A.L. (trans.); Letters from Mesopotamia… on clay tablets, 1967Reade, Julian; Assyrian Sculpture, 1998Sandars, N.K. (translated by); The Epic of Gilgamesh, 1972Australasia
Clark, Manning; A History of Australia, 1993Flannery, Tim; The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands andpeople, 1994Guiart, Jean; The Arts of the South Pacific, 1963Hughes, Robert; The Fatal Shore, 1987Europe
Brent, Peter; The Viking Saga, 1975 Gamble, Clive; The Palaeolithic settlement of Europe, 1986 Hale, J.R.; The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance, 1993 Weber, Eugen; A Modern History of Europe, 1971British Isles
Bindman, David (ed.); The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of British Art, 1985 Blue Guide; England, 1980 Blue Guide; Ireland, 1987 Blue Guide; Scotland, 1986 Blue Guide; Wales and the Marches, 1979 Falconer, Keith; Guide to England’s industrial heritage, 1980 Gascoigne, Bamber; Encyclopedia of Britain, 1993 Gascoigne, Christina; Castles of Britain, 1975 Hay, Douglas (et al.); Albion's fatal tree: crime and society in eighteenth-century England, 1976 Heald, Henrietta; Chronicle of Britain, 1992 Holt, Richard; Sport and the British: a modern history, 1989 Keay, John and Julia (eds); Encyclopaedia of Scotland, 1994 Kee, Robert; The green flag, 3 vols, 1989 Kightly, Charles; The customs and ceremonies of Britain, 1986 Lynch, Michael; Scotland: a new history, 1991 Pepys, Samuel (ed. Henry B. Wheatley); The Diary, 10 vols, 1904 Pounds, N.J.G. The Culture of the English People: iron age to industrial revolution, 1994 Wilding, Norman and Laundy, Philip; An Encyclopedia of Parliament, 1972France
Burke, Peter; The Fabrication of Louis XIV, 1992 Caesar, Julius (trans. S.A. Handford); The Conquest of Gaul, 1951 Edwards, Stewart; The Paris Commune, 1871, 1972 Harvey, Paul and Heseltine, J.E (eds).; The Oxford Companion to French Literature, 1969 Hatton, Ragnhild; Louis XIV and his world, 1972 Hibbert, Christopher: The French Revolution, 1980 Taylor, Basil: French Painting, 1951Germany
Bullock, Alan; Hitler: a study in tyranny, 1962 Garland, Henry and Mary; The Oxford Companion to German Literature, 1986 Menzhausen, Ingelore; Early Meissen Porcelain in Dresden, 1990Greece
Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Archaic Greek art, 620-480 BC, 1971 Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Classical Greek art, 480-330 BC, 1971 Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Hellenistic art, 330-50 BC, 1971 Cook, B.F.; The Elgin marbles, 1984 Fitton, J. Lesley; Cycladic Art, 1989 Fontenrose, Joseph; The Delphic oracle : its responses and operations, 1978 Thucydides (trans. Rex Warner); History of the Peloponnesian War, 1954Italy
Borsook, Eve; The Companion Guide to Florence, 1979 Hale, J.R.; Florence and the Medici, 1977 Hartt, Frederick; History of Italian Renaissance art, 1970 Honour, Hugh; The Companion Guide to Venice, 1977 Murray, Peter; Architecture of Italian Renaissance, 1969 Trease, Robert Geoffrey; The Condottieri , 1970Rome
Bandinelli, R.B.; Rome, the late empire: Roman art AD 200-400, 1971 Cicero (translated by Michael Grant); Selected political speeches, 1973 Grant, Michael; History of Rome, 1978 Masson, Georgina; The companion guide to Rome, 1972 Plutarch (trans. Rex Warner); Fall of the Roman republic, 1972 Tacitus, translated by Michael Grant; The Annals of Imperial Rome, 1975Russia
Figes, Orlando; A People's Tragedy: the Russian Revolution 1891-1924, 1996THEMES
Architecture
Fleming, John (et al.); Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, 1991Gardiner, Stephen; Evolution in the House, 1975Gascoigne, Christina; Castles of Britain, 1975Grodecki, Louis; Gothic Architecture, 1978Kubach, Hans Erich; Romanesque Architecture, 1988Michell, George (ed); Architecture of the Islamic World, 1978Michell, George; The Penguin guide to the monuments of India, 2 vols, 1989Murray, Peter; Architecture of Italian Renaissance, 1969Norberg-Schulz, Christian; Baroque Architecture, 1979Pevsner, Nikolaus; A history of building types, 1976Sickman, Laurence C.S.; The Art and Architecture of China, 1960Art
Anton, Ferdinand; Art of the Maya, 1970Bandinelli, R.B.; Rome, the late empire: Roman art AD 200-400, 1971Barrett, Douglas; Indian Painting, 1978Bennett, Bonnie A. and Wilkins, David G.; Donatello, 1984Bindman, David (ed.); The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of British Art, 1985Brown, Christopher; Scenes of Everyday Life: Dutch genre painting of the seventeenthcentury, 1984Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Archaic Greek art, 620-480 BC, 1971Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Classical Greek art, 480-330 BC, 1971Charbonneaux, Jean (et al.); Hellenistic art, 330-50 BC, 1971Clark, Kenneth; Civilisation, 1971Clark, Kenneth; The nude: a study of ideal art, 1976Cook, B.F.; The Elgin marbles, 1984Craven, Roy C.; Indian art: a concise history, 1976de Hamel, Christopher; A history of illuminated manuscripts, 1986Fitton, J. Lesley; Cycladic Art, 1989Gascoigne Bamber; How To Identify Prints, 1986Grabar, Andre; The beginnings of Christian Art, 1966Gray, Basil; Persian Painting, 1977Groenewegen-Frankfort; Art of the Ancient World, 1971Guiart, Jean .; The Arts of the South Pacific, 1963Harthan, John; The history of the illustrated book: the Western tradition, 1981Hartt, Frederick; History of Italian Renaissance art, 1970Hubert, J. (et al.); Carolingian art, 1970James, T.G.H.; Egyptian painting and drawing in the British Museum, 1985Osborne, Harold (ed.); The Oxford Companion to Art, 1970Palol, Pedro de; Early Medieval Art in Spain, 1967Pignatti, Teresio; Master drawings: from cave art to Picasso, 1982Piper, David; Great traditions: the history of painting and sculpture, 1981Rawson, Jessica (ed.); The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 1992Sickman, Laurence C.S.; The Art and Architecture of China, 1960Smith, Bradley; Mexico: a history in art, 1975Sullivan, Michael; A short history of Chinese Art, 1967Taylor, Basil: French Painting, 1951Willett, Frank; African Art, 1971Biography
Almedingen, E.M; Charlemagne, 1968Bullock, Alan; Hitler: a study in tyranny, 1962Burke, Peter; The Fabrication of Louis XIV, 1992Hatton, Ragnhild; Louis XIV and his world, 1972Landon, H.C. Robbins; Mozart: the golden years 1781-1791, 1989Lane-Fox, Robin; Alexander the Great, 1973Longford, Elizabeth; Victoria R.I., 1964McLynn, Frank:; Napoleon: a biography, 1997Millar, David (et al.); Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989Nicolaievsky, Boris; Karl Marx: Man and Fighter, 1976Pepys, Samuel (ed. Henry B. Wheatley); The Diary, 10 vols, 1904Scarisbrick, J.J.; Henry VIII, 1968Simon, Jacob (ed.); Handel: a Celebration of his Life and Times, 1985Williams, T.I. (ed.); A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, 1969Decorative arts
Boucher, François; History of costume in the West, 1965Fleming, John and Honour, Hugh; The Penguin Dictionary of Decorative Arts, 1977Harden, D.B.; Glass of the Caesars, 1987Harris, Jennifer (ed.); 5000 years of textiles, 1993Lee, Lawrence (et al.); Stained glass,1976Menzhausen, Ingelore; Early Meissen Porcelain in Dresden, 1990Newman, Harold; An illustrated dictionary of glass, 1977Savage, George and Newman, Harold; An Illustrated Dictionary of Ceramics, 1976Scott, Philippa; The Book of Silk, 1993Literature
Drabble, Margaret (ed.); The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 1985Garland, Henry and Mary; The Oxford Companion to German Literature, 1986Harvey, Paul and Heseltine, J.E (eds).; The Oxford Companion to French Literature, 1969Russell, Bertrand; History of Western philosophy, 1961Sandars, N.K. (translated by); The Epic of Gilgamesh, 1972Wynne-Davies, Marion (ed.); Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, 1989Medicine
Porter, Roy; The greatest benefit to mankind: a medical history of humanity fromAntiquity to the present, 1999Ring, Malvin; Dentistry, 1985Rutkow, Ira; Surgery, 1993Museums and Libraries
Barker, Nicholas (and curatorial staff); Treasures of the British Library, 1988Caygill, Marjorie; Treasures of the British Museum, 1985James, T.G.H.; Egyptian painting and drawing in the British Museum, 1985Performing Arts
Chujoy, Anatole and Manchester, P.W.; The Dance Encylopedia, 1967Gascoigne, Bamber; World Theatre, 1968Hartnoll, Phyllis (ed.); The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre, 1972Kennedy, Michael; The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, 1980Landon, H.C. Robbins; Mozart: the golden years 1781-1791, 1989Rosenthal, Harold and Warrack, John; The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 1980Sadie, Stanley (ed.); The New Grove dictionary of music and musicians, 1981Simon, Jacob (ed.); Handel: a Celebration of his Life and Times, 1985Religion
Attwater, Donald; A Dictionary of Saints, 1965Chadwick, Henry; The Early Church, 1967Eliade, Mircea; From Primitives to Zen: a thematic sourcebook of the history ofreligions, 1974Gascoigne, Bamber; The Christians, 1977Grabar, Andre; The beginnings of Christian Art, 1966Grabar, Andre; Byzantium: Byzantine art in the Middle Ages, 1966Hinnells, John R.; The Penguin Dictionary of Religions, 1984Sumption, Jonathan; Pilgrimage, 1975Science and technology
Bronowski, Jacob; The Ascent of Man, 1973Bruton, Eric; The History of Clocks and Watches, 1979Daumas, Maurice; History of technology and invention, 3 vols, 1980de Bono, Edward; Eureka! How and when the greatest inventions were made, 1974Jones, Steve; The language of the genes: biology, history and the evolutionary future, 1993Kemp, Peter (ed.); The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea, 1988Mackworth-Praed, Ben (ed.); Aviation: the pioneer years, 1990Millar, David (et al.); Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 1, 1954Porter, Roy; The greatest benefit to mankind: a medical history of humanity fromAntiquity to the present, 1999Trinh, Xuan Thuan; The changing universe, 1993Tsien, Tsuan-Hsuin; Written on Bamboo and Silk, 1962Williams, T.I. (ed.); A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, 1969Social and domestic
Benveniste, Emile; Indo-European Language and Society, 1973Bowman, Alan K.; Life and letters on the Roman frontier, c.1994Brown, Christopher; Scenes of Everyday Life: Dutch genre painting of the seventeenth century, 1984Bruton, Eric; The History of Clocks and Watches, 1979Clutton-Brock, Juliet; A natural history of domesticated animals, 1987Davies, Glyn; A History of Money, 1994Gardiner, Stephen; Evolution in the House, 1975Gaur, Albertine; A history of writing, 1984Hay, Douglas (et al.); Albion's fatal tree: crime and society in eighteenth-century England, 1976Holt, Richard; Sport and the British: a modern history, 1989Kightly, Charles; The customs and ceremonies of Britain, 1986Mackworth-Praed, Ben (ed.); Aviation: the pioneer years, 1990Piggott, Stuart; Wagon, chariot and carriage: symbol and status in the history of transport, 1992Porter, Roy; The greatest benefit to mankind: a medical history of humanity fromAntiquity to the present, 1999Ring, Malvin; Dentistry, 1985Stead, Miriam; Egyptian life, c.1986Sumption, Jonathan; Pilgrimage, 1975Tsien, Tsuan-Hsuin; Written on Bamboo and Silk, 1962Williams, Jonathan (ed.); Money: a history, 1997Ziegler, Philip; The Black Death, 1969War
Brogan, Patrick; World conflicts: why and where they are happening, 1989Churchill, Winston; The Second World War, 6 vols, 1948-54Josephus (trans. G.A. Williamson); The Jewish War, 1970Keegan, John; A History of Warfare, 1993Reid, William; Arms through the Ages, 1978****
Acknowledgements
We have had some very useful messages about our content in HistoryWorld. We are particularly grateful to the following, whose comments have led to amendments in the text. We hope that anyone else will get in touch who notices a passage where there is a factual error or a lack of balance in interpretation or emphasis.
Taff Davies - on the first French and British settlements in the Falkland Islands Seifeldin Mustafa Dirar - on the likely origin of the word Nubia Sowmya Nath - on the controversy about theArian invasionIndia Rondro Razafindrakoto - on the history of Madagascar David Roberts - on the discovery at Abydos of the earliest writingin Egypt Renee Seger - on the date ofNostra Aetate Kabelo Tsiang - on the career of Katumile Masire
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